A Critical Analysis of Multimodal Metaphtonymy in Political Cartoons on the Black Lives Matter Movement “黑命攸关”运动相关政治漫画中多模态隐转喻的批评分析文献综述

 2023-04-20 03:04

文献综述

1. Introduction Traditionally, metaphor and metonymy are viewed as rhetorical devices of language. Since the 1980s, the studies of metaphor and metonymy have broken free of the limit of rhetoric, raising to the level of concept, and started to pay attention to their proprieties in thought. Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) of Cognitive Linguistics, proposed by Lakoff and Johnson in their seminal book Metaphors We Live By (1980), holds that the humans conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Since then, linguistics has regarded metaphor and metonymy as two cognitive tools that conceptualize human thought and action. However, the earlier studies of metaphor and metonymy were limited in verbal form. With the development of technology and multimedia, human communication has developed various forms, turning on a trend of multimodality. Forceville (2008) points out that metaphor, as an essential element to thinking, not only exist in language but also in other modes, such as static and moving pictures, sounds, gestures, etc. In this background, the multimodal metaphor comes into being. In the last decades, researchers have extended the study of multimodal metaphors to different genres, such as advertisements ((Forceville, 1996, 2007), cartoons (El Refaie, 2003, 2009), films (Forceville, 2016; Forceville amp; Renckens, 2013), etc. Among a series of genres, political cartoons are visuals that characteristically combine caricature, satire, and humor to convey sociopolitical commentary about individuals or relevant current events. They may be viewed as an independent source of evidence on the creative use of cognitive mechanisms, such as metaphor, blending, and cultural models (Bergen, 2004: 24). Therefore, there is a growing field of study of metaphor and blending in cartoons (Marn-Arrese, 2005) and of metonymy as an unpacking device (Brne CMT and CMA. Chapter four briefly analyzes the corpus of political cartoons collected and discusses the political cartoons with the cognitive multimodal metaphtonymy. The last chapter puts forward the major findings, discusses the limitations, and gives suggestions for future research.2. Literature Review2.1 Historical background of the Black Lives Matter MovementThe Black Lives Matter movement is one of the most important movements in the United States today. It originated in the African American community. In February 2012, an innocent African American teenager Trayvon Martin was shot and killed by police George Zimmerman. On March 21, 2012, the Million Hoodie March was held in New York Citys Union Square to protest the death of Trayvon. After Zimmerman was acquitted in the summer of 2013, the movement began to develop with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. In August 2014, after the shooting of Michael Brown, a group of black activists took a 21-hour bus ride to Michael Browns town, travelling under the name Black Life Matters, which brought the BLM movement to national attention. Since the Ferguson protests, participants have held numerous demonstrations to protest the death of several African Americans in police action or detention. From 2014 to 2016, as the originators of this movement, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi expanded the program, to a global scale, with more than 30 local offices. On May 5, 2020, after the video of the death of George Freud was spread on the Internet, it caused a large-scale BLM demonstration that swept across the United States. The anti-racism movement, triggered by the event of the death of Freud, is a continuation of the Black Lives Matter movement during the Obama administration. It is also a new embodiment of the sharpening of racial contradictions in the United States, which is marked by the conflicts between the police and ordinary people. This movement is the largest and longest anti-racism movement in the United States since the civil rights movement in the 1960s. It is closely related to the increasing ethnic conflicts in the United States the impact of COVID 19 on the economy and society in the United States in 2020.2.2 Theoretical framework: CMT and CMA2.2.1 Conceptual Metaphor TheoryConceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) was first put forward in Lakoff and Johnsons (1980) book Metaphors We Live By, in which the authors assumed that metaphor is not only a figure of speech but also an inner operating mechanism in which everyone conceptualizes something with another concept. According to the CMT, metaphor is a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system. In the mapping system, two domains are involved, namely, the source domain and the target domain. The term source domain is the conceptual domain which is metaphorically used to understand another conceptual domain; target domain is the conceptual domain that is interpreted through the use of the source domain. The term mapping is a process that shows how elements in the source domain line up with that in the source domain. In this sense, metaphor can be seen as a cognitive process in which abstract and unfamiliar concepts are understood in terms of concrete and familiar concepts.Since Lakoff and Johnsons pioneering work, awareness has grown that metonymy is equally important in meaning-making and often interacts with metaphor (Goossens, 1995; Littlemore, 2015; Zhao Urios-Aparisi, 2009; Zhang amp; Zhan, 2011).2.2.2 Critical Metaphor AnalysisCritical Metaphor Analysis (CMA), first proposed by Charteris-Black (2004), is a meaningful enrichment to both CMT and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This approach, by integrating corpus linguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, and CDA, offers new insights into revealing the underlying speaker intentions and therefore identifying the nature of particular ideologies within the social and cultural context.CMA, as an approach to metaphor analysis that aims to reveal the covert (and possibly unconscious) intentions of language users (Charteris-Black, 2004: 34), doesnt deny cognitive views of metaphor. Instead, this approach is based on the main claim of CMT that metaphor conceptualizes human thought and action. In addition, it expands the range of approaches for metaphor research. CMT is focused on the conceptual metaphors from which linguistic representations are produced naturally in essence. But the examples given by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) were not suitable for further research in that the contexts in which metaphors occurred were not taken into consideration. Therefore, the important questions as for who uses the metaphor, who is its recipient, for what is its rhetorical purpose, cannot be answered properly (Wei, 2016). Charteris-Black argues that metaphor choices are influenced not only by cognitive, semantic and pragmatic considerations, but also by ideological, cultural and historical ones (Charteris-Black, 2004). For this reason, he believes that metaphor choices and use can reflect underlying ideological and political differences and stimulate potential persuasive function of influencing opinions and judgements. In his book Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis (2004), Charteris-Black analyzes the role of metaphor in contexts through a range of corpus-based metaphor studies of political, press, and religious discourse respectively and brings the results together to produce a discourse model for metaphor.Figure 2.1 A discourse model for metaphorThe figure shows that both individual and social resources influence metaphor choice in discourse. Individual resources include linguistic, pragmatic, and cognitive factors. Social resources are ideological outlook including pollical and cultural identity. The use of metaphors, which requires a combination of specific social and cultural contexts, is a fundamentally persuasive discourse act (Charteris-Black, 2004: 13).2.3 Review of Previous Studies2.3.1 Studies of multimodal metaphors abroadAchievements of multimodal metaphor studies abroad have been obtained in both the theoretical and practical aspects. Firstly, the theoretical foundation of multimodal metaphor is preliminarily established. Forceville is regarded as a leading figure in non-verbal metaphor studies. Forceville (1996) argues that metaphors can also be found in pictures such as printed advertisements and analyses those metaphors based on Blacks (1979) interaction theory and Sperber amp; Wilsons (1986) relevance theory. A new criterion of distinguishing pictorial metaphors has also been proposed, which brings about a new era of multimodal metaphor studies. In his later works, Forceville constantly modifies the theoretical system. In 2006, Forceville pointed out that multimodal discourse is a broad field, including a large number of material carriers, patterns, and genres, and holds that multimodal metaphor is a kind of metaphor, which has its target domain and source domain but exists in different patterns. In 2009, Eggertsson and Forceville proposed a more extensive multimodal metaphor and discussed the interaction between metaphors and metonymies in multimodal discourses. Practically, there are growing multimodal metaphor studies on various genres, among which advertisements are the most extensive. Caballero (2009) finds that the taste and smell of wine can be better presented to consumers through pictorial and multimodal metaphors after an analysis of 12,000 pieces of wine advertisements. Forceville (2017) holds that researching and discussing visual and multimodal metaphors in advertising can stimulate critical reflection in inter/multi/cross-cultural communication pedagogy (2017: 38) and therefore be conducive to education. Kashanizadeh and Forceville (2020) investigate a number of Iranian and Dutch advertisements by applying Ruiz de Mendozas typology to multimodal discourses. And they conclude that both types of metonyms (source-in-target and target-in-source) can appear in both visually and multimodally no less than verbally (2020: 101). The finding shows that cultural background knowledge plays a significant role in understanding metaphor-metonymy interactions. Beside printed advertisements, political cartoons are also of great interest to multimodal metaphor researchers. El Refaie (2009) considers how readers interpret multimodal metaphors of the verbo-visual variety through data from a study of young peoples responses to British newspaper cartoons. Besides, she holds that different individuals tend to interpret political cartoons differently due to their socio-cultural background and contexts in which the metaphors are used. Lin and Chiang (2015) discuss the cognitive mechanisms of political cartoons involved in U.S. beef import issues as reported in Taiwanese newspapers and propose a multimodal fusion model to explain these mechanisms. Marn-Arrese (2019) tries to explore the potential of political cartoon discourse for creativity, critique and persuasion in the description of social actors, phenomena and events, with the focus on the use and interaction of metaphors, metonymies, blending strategies and cultural modals in cartoons. Zhang and Forceville (2020) concentrate on revealing how Chinese and American cartoonists portray the Sino-US trade conflict by analyzing the cross-cultural similarities and differences between metaphors and metonymies, as well as using other analytical instruments in political cartoon discourse. There is also some other applied research on multimodal metaphors. Eggertsson and Forceville (2009) analyze the structural metaphor human victim is animal in three modern horror films and argue that the metaphor is characteristic of the horror genre. Fahlenbrach (2016) first unifies the categories of movies, TV and video games into dynamic video categories. In addition, she holds that video games have more active sensory movement than other categories in dynamic images and provide a larger display space for experiencing the image schema.2.3.2 Studies of multimodal metaphors at homeCompared with studies abroad, studies on multimodal metaphors start late. Despite the short history, domestics studies on multimodal metaphors have produced fruitful results in both the theoretical and practical aspects. The domestic theoretical research on multimodal metaphors begins with the review of relevant research abroad. Zhao (2011) briefly reviews multimodal metaphor research, including its origin, development, focus, contribution, challenges, and prospects based on Forceville the social semiotic perspective and the conceptual metaphor perspective, can be interconnected in theoretical paradigms and can complement each other in multimodal discourse analysis. Currently, domestic studies on multimodal metaphors are diverse in content. They begin with the study of multimodal metaphors in advertising. Zeng (2004) preliminarily discusses verbal-visual metaphor in advertisement, especially its working mechanism and shows the underlying generality and individuality in the process through the analysis of the roles of conflicts of meanings and similarity in the working mechanism of ad verbal-visual metaphor. Liu (2017) attempts to summarize the basic representation types and the mode arrangement of multimodal metaphors in public service advertising based on 51 anti-corruption TV advertisements. Cheng and Liu (2021) explore the interaction between multimodal metaphor and narrative in advertisement based on the analysis of four printed advertisements. The result shows how social changes and continuations are represented and re-contextualized in advertising discourses of different times, genres and cultures. Among a series of genres, political cartoons are most extensively studied. Pan (2011) analyzes the cultural connotations of source domains in two political cartoons and points out that the formation of metaphorical meaning and the construction or reconstruction of identity is influenced by the choice of the source domain and the connotation of the source domain. Yu (2013) explores multimodal metaphors in news cartoon discourse and segments the metaphorical representation into six types according to the mode arrangement in news cartoon metaphors. Zhao and Feng (2017) examine the way and role of multimodal metaphor and metonymy in constructing and communicating China image through a systematic analysis of 94 political cartoons discourses. Ma and Gao (2020) carry out a critical metaphorical analysis of 100 trade war cartoons, revealing the ideological and political positions behind the metaphor. And the result shows that American society is firmly opposed to and resisted trade conflicts.2.3.3 Studies of multimodal metonymiesThe study of metonymy falls far behind the study of metaphor, and the important role of metonymy has not been paid enough attention to so far. The process of metonymy includes image metaphors. Yu (2009) analyzes the expression of modal metaphor and metonymy in Chinese TV public service advertisements. He finds that metonymy and multimodal metaphor have the same status. In terms of the interaction between metaphor and metonymy, Mittelberg and Waugh (2009) propose a dynamic two-step comprehensive modality since the relationship between the metonymy and metaphor was first touched upon. Forceville and Urios-Aparisi (2018) point out that the interaction between metaphor and metonymy depends not only on the cognitive level but also on the communicative role and motivation. 2.4 Research gap With the development of visual and multimodal metaphors, metaphor studies have extended to various kinds of modes. Besides, critical metaphor analysis is rooted in the development of critical discourse analysis. Both multimodal metaphor and critical metaphor analysis can be regarded as the meaningful expansion of conceptual metaphor theory. But there is still a gap in these two theories. Current studies on multimodal metaphors mainly discuss the representation methods and construction types of multimodal metaphor, the specific application of multimodal metaphor in different genres and the interaction between metaphor and metonymy. They rarely talk about the ideological and cultural functions of multimodal metaphors. And critical metaphor analysis is still rarely seen in the multimodal metaphor studies. Besides, studies of Black-Lives-Matter-Movement-related political cartoons are rather limited. To the gaps mentioned above, this thesis aims to reveal the underlying ideologies of multimodal metaphors in Black-Lives-Matter-Movement-related political cartoons through multimodal critical metaphor analysis. ReferencesBergen, B. (2004). To awaken a sleeping giant. Cognition and culture in September 11 political cartoons. In M. Achard amp; S. Kemmer (Eds.) Culture and mind (pp. 23-26). Stanford, CA: CSLI.Caballero, R. (2009). Cutting across the senses: Imagery in winespeak and audiovisual promotion. In C. Forceville amp; E. Urios-Aparisi. (Eds.) Multimodal metaphor (pp. 73-94). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan. Eggertsson, G. T., amp; Forceville, C. (2009). Multimodal expressions of the human victim is animal metaphor in horror films. In C. Forceville ez (Eds.) Cognitive linguistics, (pp. 379-402). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Forceville, C. (2016). Visual and multimodal metaphor in film: Charting the field. In K. Fahlenbrach (Ed.), Embodied metaphors in film, television, and video games (pp. 17-32). London: Routledge.Forceville, C. (2017). Visual and multimodal metaphor in advertising: Cultural perspectives. Style of communication, 9(2), 26-41. Forceville, C., amp; Renckens, T. (2013). The GOOD IS LIGHT and BAD IS DARK metaphors in feature films. Metaphor and the social word, 3(2), 160-179.Forceville, C., amp; Urios-Aparisi, E. (Eds.). (2009). Multimodal metaphor. New York: De Gruyter Mouton.Goossens, L. (1995). By word of mouth: Metaphor, metonymy and linguistic action in a cognitive perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Kashanizadeh, Z., amp; Forceville, C. (2020). Visual and multimodal interaction of metaphor and metonymy: A study of Iranian and Dutch print advertisements. Cognitive linguistics studies, 7(1), 78-110. Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.) Metaphor and thought (pp. 202-251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, G., amp; Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lin, Y. Y., amp; Chiang, W. Y. (2015). Multimodal fusion in analyzing political cartoons: Debates on U.S. beef imports into Taiwan. Metaphor and symbol, 30(2), 137-161. Littlemore, J. (2015). Metonymy: Hidden shortcuts in language, thought and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Marn-Arrese, J. I. (2005). Humour as subversion in political cartooning. In M. Labarta Postigo. (Ed.) Approaches to critical discourse analysis (pp. 1-22). Valencia: Universitat de Valncia, Servei de Publicacions. CD. Marn-Arrese, J. I. (2019). 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